東方哲學是追求理想完美人格的哲學教育
上海交通大學哲學系杜保瑞
|
東方哲學是追求理想完美人格的哲學教育 上海交通大學哲學系杜保瑞
|
|
台灣大學哲學系副教授暨中國哲學會秘書長杜保瑞
"Oriental Philosophy---the Philosophical Education to Approach Perfect Personality"
Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, National Taiwan University Secretary General, Chinese Association of Philosophy Duh, Bau-Ruei
1、 哲學在東方仍然是一年輕的學科： 1、Philosophy is still a young academic subject in Eastern society. 哲學作為一門學院內的學科，它在東方的發展與研究只是近一百年來的事件，但是東方傳統思想卻有兩千年的歷史，並且燦爛輝煌。東方的哲學工作者在過去一百年來一方面要接續它們自己的傳統以發揚文化精神，另方面要藉由西方傳入的哲學工作方式對東方思想進行研究與發表，在這中間就發生了以西方哲學的討論方式處理東方哲學資料的困難，困難的重點有二，其一為問題意識的不同，其二為表達方式的不同。 Philosophy, as an academic subject, the development and the study in Eastern society are actually new events in these recent hundred years, although the traditional Eastern thinking has been spread over more than two thousands years and has achieved excellent results. During this past one hundred years, the Eastern philosophical studiers willing to, first, continue their tradition and to add glory on its spirit; and second, to study and innovate their thinking through the philosophical way of working which is imported from the western society. By doing these, there rise quite a large difficulty when we deal with data on Eastern thinking but through the way of Western philosophical discussion. There are two points of this difficulty. First, these two cultural traditions both have different consciousness about the philosophical questions, and second, they have different ways of expression about thoughts. 2、 東西方哲學的問題意識不同： 2、The consciousness of philosophical problems are different between eastern and western. 首先談問題意識的不同，以自柏拉圖以迄黑格爾的傳統西哲史而言，西方哲學緣起於對世界的驚奇，以追求真理為目標，討論何者才是最真實的實在以及人類認識能力的可能性為何等問題，透過理性的思辨，提出種種理論以解答問題，並且在哲學史上展現出一家推翻一家的各家獨立自成一派的傳統風格，這是有別於東方的。東方哲學則專注於追求理想人生，以中國傳統為例，兩千年來展現出在儒釋道三家的人生哲學思維的研究與實踐中，並建立理論，維繫傳統，形成學派。它們追問人生的真諦，說明世界的真相，提出修養的方法，建立理想完美人格的理論，並且付諸實踐。因此它是一種實踐哲學，而有別於西方的思辨哲學。 Let us talk about the different consciousness about the philosophical questions at first. The western philosophical tradition, from the Plato to the Hegel, philosophy originated from the amazing toward the world. They pursue the truth; ask what the ultimate truth is and the possibility of the human knowledge. They discuss all these problems through the speculative thinking in the human intellect, and, propose lots of theories to answer them. In the philosophical history, the western philosophy reveal a distinguishing characteristic, that is, a new philosophical system always claims a different position to against the past one, and this make every theory become a unique and individual theoretical school. This is quite different from the Eastern tradition. Eastern thoughts focus on answering the question of how to run for a better life. In Chinese philosophy, for example, during its long tradition of two thousand years, there are always the thinking of the three main schools, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, been studied by philosophers and putted into real life by all the believers and followers. Their philosophical workings are to build theories for the purpose of convincing their traditional belief, and thereafter, construct their schools. The philosophical issues in every school are basically exploring the meaning of life, explaining the truth of the world, telling the way of practice, establishing the theory of perfect personality and, above all, practicing it. Therefore, we can say that the Eastern philosophy is a kind of practical theory what is different from the speculative philosophy in the Western tradition. 3、 東西方哲學的表達方式不同： 3、The way to express their philosophy is different between eastern and western. 西方哲學長於分析說理，對於觀念的表達注重理由的說明，理論的提出充滿推演關係，系統性成了西方哲學表達方式上的獨特特性。東方哲學注重人生智慧觀點的發現，觀念表達的目的在使人心啟悟，於是格言、故事、詩歌等都是東方哲學觀念的表達形式，當然東方哲學並非完全沒有理論性或系統性，只是它們並不只是以理論論述的方式作為觀念表達的主要形式。 To express their philosophy, western tradition is good in argument and analytic. The expression of their idea focus on giving the reason to explain it, and the explanation of their theory are according to the inferential relation, those altogether formed the particular characteristic of the expression way in western philosophy. While the eastern philosophy attaches the point to discover the wisdom of human life, the purpose of the expression about their ideas is to enlighten their spirit. Therefore, the aphorism, poetry and story all fit to their need and become their way of expression. We can not say that the Oriental don’t express their philosophy theoretically and systematically; the only thing we can say is that they are not mainly to express their idea in a theoretical and systematical way. 4、當前東方哲學工作的重點在於系統性地表達實踐哲學的理論： 4、Nowadays, to promote the study of Eastern philosophy should lay stress on the expression of practical theory and do it systematically. 東方哲學工作者，為參與哲學在世界的發展，以及發揚東方哲學的精華，必須以系統性理論建構的方式來表達人生哲學本位的東方思想。當東方思想以人生哲學學派為傳統在哲學史上提出種種說法之際，必須為它尋找出個別學派內眾多說法之間的結構性關係以作為系統性表達的解釋架構。 For the purpose of participating in the development of philosophy in the world and carry forward the distillation of Eastern philosophy; the Orientals should express their philosophy systematically in a kind of theoretical structure. The eastern scholars should now try to find out the theoretical relationship in order to serve as an interpretational framework for the need of systematical expression in those numerous and disconnected theories in each of the three maim schools what basically are the philosophy of life and represent a kind of practically theory. 5、東方哲學的系統性的解釋架構以實踐哲學的四個基本哲學問題而組成： 5、The systematical interpretational framework in Oriental philosophy is made up by the four basic philosophical problems in the tradition of practical philosophy. 實踐哲學的特質首在強調修養理論與理想人格理論，以教導為人處事的方法以及追求理想完美的人格。理論上訴諸於對世界整體的看法，包括對整體存在界的宇宙論知識間架以及世界存在的終極意義與價值意識。這就是一套由工夫論、境界論、宇宙論、本體論的四個哲學基本問題所組成的解釋體系，它的各個基本哲學理論之間是互有推演關係的，這個推演關係形成了屬於實踐哲學的東方哲學的各個學派理論內部的系統性架構。藉由這個架構可以將深具實踐精神的東方思想以嚴謹的系統性建構起來，而追求哲學必須有系統性以及嚴密性的理論特質。 The practical philosophy stresses its main point about the characteristic on their cultivation theory, which shows the way of self-practicing to run for a better life; and theory of perfection, which tells the ideas of the perfect personality. The justifiability of these two theories based on the understanding of the whole world including the knowledge of the construction of the universe(cosmology) and the ultimate meaning and value consciousness of the existence of the world(ontology in a sense of the theory of value). There formed an interpretational framework with four basic philosophical problems such as cosmology, ontology, and cultivation and perfection theory. All of them are connected with each other in theoretical relationship, this relationship make up the theoretical system that fit to most of the Oriental schools that belong to the practical philosophy. In the use of this interpretational framework, scholars could rigorously construct the Oriental philosophy systematically so as to reach the request of systematic and rigorous when doing philosophy. 6、東方哲學是在工夫理論的脈絡中說明追求理想完美人格的哲學理論： 6、The Oriental philosophy start their thinking from the theoretical explanation about how to run for a perfect personality through the context of cultivation theory. 工夫理論說明主體活動的方式，由價值意識的本體論提供純粹化意志的心理修養的理論，以及由說明身體結構的宇宙論知識提供身體鍛鍊的理論，主體經過工夫實做之後提升能力直至最高境界，此即接觸到境界哲學的問題了。境界哲學即由主體的心理與身體狀態說明理想完美人格的實際情況。上述宇宙論、本體論、工夫論、境界論的四方架構解釋體系將以個別學派分開立論的形式形成各學派內部一致的理論系統，而不同學派之間就將有整個系統的差異。 The GongFuLun (cultivation theory) is defined to express the way how the practitioner acts. There are two different approaches. 1st by purifying people’s will, there is the cultivation toward the mind; its idea comes from the value consciousness in the Ontological theory. 2nd by training one’s body, there is the cultivation toward the body; its knowledge comes from the objective knowledge of Cosmology. People who cultivate himself and elevate his ability then he could reach his highest potential situation, at this moment the philosophical problem meet the theory of perfection. The JingJieLun (theory of perfection) is defined to express the perfect personality what through the explanation of the situation of one’s mind and body when he get his highest potentiality. But those theories in different philosophical schools should be explored individually and separately. The above four aspect of Cosmology, Ontology, GungFuLun and JingJieLun that serve as the interpretational framework, will consist a set of theories, in there, every aspects are theoretically connected with each other inside the system of any particular schools. But among the different schools, their theoretical systems will be totally different. 通常不同學派之間會有若干部分的理論有相通性，但是不能簡單地以若干表面類似就以為不同學派有相同的理論。另外，同一學派之間也會有許多處理不同問題的不同理論項目，也因此不能簡單地以為有若干差異就認為同一學派的不同理論間有對立的立場。總之，各學派依基本哲學問題的解釋架構形成系統清晰的理論體系，而有了理論的完成，但不同學派之間仍然充滿了差異對立的思想立場。至於孰是孰非以及各家如何證成的問題，這卻尚未觸及。 Occasionally, different schools share some ideas in common; this something in common should not be oversimplify to take those schools as a same school. Besides, in anyone of the schools, there always existed different ideas between philosophers’ theories; it shouldn’t oversimplify to think that they stand on some contradictory position. In conclusion, philosophical theories in every individual school can be exhibited clearly and distinctly by the usage of the interpretational framework and then get their consistently system, but the phenomena of the theoretical conflict and contradictory is still existed in the different schools. As for the question of arguing their positions to be truth and verifying their theories, it is not been touched yet. 7、東方哲學理論不能辯論只能彼此尊重： 7、 The Oriental philosophy in different schools is best not to argue with each other but to respect mutually. 以下先談辯論的問題，追求理想人生的東方哲學學派；對人生的理想有各自不同的看法，各有各的對世界存在的知識以及價值的觀點，關鍵即在彼此的世界觀不相同，甚至涉及他在世界以及超感官經驗，因此就缺乏可以辯論的共同基礎。既然知識的基礎不同，理想的標的不同，因此彼此之間的辯論就不可能成功。任何一個教派的信奉者就應該把力氣放在實現自己的理想，而對於學派之間，則以互相尊重為對待的原則，而不是建立理論批評它教。 After the discussion of the problem of the interpretational framework, there still exist problems such as the debate between schools and the verifiability in particular school not to be treated yet. Here we will deal with the issue of the debating in between the three main schools at first. The Oriental philosophy, run for ideal life, but their belief about the ideal life is different; their knowledge about the cosmos and their sense of value about the world are mutually exclusive. The main reason is that they have the diverse understandings about the world including the life after death and the extramundane experience. Therefore, it exist no basic agreement as the background of their knowledge for the need of debating; thus the debating is unable to succeed. Accordingly, every practitioner, believing in different schools, should lay stress on actualizing their belief but not to argue with other schools and respect the other schools’ ideas instead of creating new theory to critic them. 8、 東方哲學理論的證成是以實踐的完成為依據： 8、The problem of verification in the Oriental philosophy should stand on the accomplishment of the practice. 接著談證成的問題，一個學派的真實形成，是整個學派在兩千年的哲學史中由無以計數的學人之躬身實踐而有的。經過基本哲學問題建構之後的各個學派的哲學理論，其有效性的成立，必須是經由工夫實踐以達成理想境界而證成宇宙論與本體論的理論為真而有所謂的證成，這正是實踐哲學的知識論課題的特殊性所在。就知識論的課題而言，個別人物的失敗不足以證明為假，反之只要有一人成功即可證明為真。關鍵即在，實踐哲學是在提升人類的能力，能力提升之後才能確定所說之真假，不具備相同能力的人是不能證明他們的理論的真假的。這也就是為什麼多數東方哲學系統放更多的力量在於要求實踐，而不是建構新說。因為用來說明的知識系統已經很多，但是實踐以證成為真的經驗卻有待每一時代人們的持續努力才會使東方哲學成為真正指導人生的哲學。 Now, we are going to talk about the problem of verification. The demonstration for their truth in the philosophical systems in every school is achieved by all their followers, during the past two thousand years, putting their whole life into practice; and it is in this way there forms the reality of the school. Rested on the practice and the accomplishment, according to the cultivation and the perfection theory, to prove their Cosmology and Ontology to be true, is the epistemological characteristic in the verification problem of the Oriental philosophical schools. From the epistemological point of view, it can not be prove to be fault while someone fails to success by his practice; conversely, it could be proved to be true when there is any person succeeds in his practice and the creator of its school just play the role of this particular person. The key point is, practical theory, end to promote people’s ability (in morality or super sense ability), only his ability is promoted then could him sure to say the theory is true or not, if it is not on the ground of this newly developed ability level, he can not judge anything. That’s why lots of the Oriental philosophers would rather to exert all his strength to ask for practicing, instead of innovating new theories. Since there has already existed so many knowledge systems about the ideal life, thus to create any new one is not so necessary. Only the followers in every generation in the history put those ideas into practice and prove the theories to be true could make the Oriental philosophy being alive and becoming the director of human life. 最後，只有實踐是唯一重要的事，不管人們是屬於哪一個學派的信奉者，既然東方哲學系統都是追求理想完美人格的，因此他該做的就是自我實踐以為修養。所以這項純粹哲學式的理論研究工作，便可以停止了。 Now, let’s come to the end of this article. Practice is the only important thing, since the purpose of the Oriental philosophy is to run for the perfect personality, no matter what people belongs to which schools what he need to do is to throw into practice for his self-cultivation. So, now, this pure theoretical study working can be stopped.
|